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    VIRGOCosmos In Brief - Aktualní novinky vesmírného výzkumu v kostce
    VIRGO
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    Old planets always get too hot or cold for life in the end | New Scientist
    https://www.newscientist.com/.../2099139-old-planets-always-get-too-hot-or-cold-for-life-in-the-end/
    Age matters. Searching for alien life on planets orbiting older stars may be fruitless because they always become prohibitively hot or cold.

    The search for life on other worlds has focused on planets in what’s known as the habitable zone – the ring around stars where it’s the right
    temperature for liquid water. That has led some to target planets orbiting red dwarf stars, as their smaller size and cooler temperatures mean
    planets in the habitable zone are closer in, and so easier to spot. But we should also look for planets whose stars are the right age,
    regardless of their size, say Shintaro Kadoya and Eiichi Tajika at the University of Tokyo, Japan.
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    Torn-apart galaxy may be exacting revenge on the Milky Way | New Scientist
    https://www.newscientist.com/.../2099140-torn-apart-galaxy-may-be-exacting-revenge-on-the-milky-way/
    Simon Gibbons of the University of Cambridge and his colleagues have analysed the motion of stars in
    the Sagittarius streams to estimate that the galaxy originally possessed 60 billion solar masses.

    “This new more massive Sagittarius, if it’s right, could be the cause of the warp,” Gibbons says. Since
    the 1990s, astronomers have recognised that Sagittarius could warp the disc – if the satellite was massive
    enough.

    VIRGO
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    First images from Adaptive Optics Lucky Imager (AOLI)
    http://phys.org/news/2016-07-images-optics-lucky-imager-aoli.html
    The Adaptive Optics Lucky Imager (AOLI) on the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) has obtained its first adaptive-optics closed-loop results,
    an important milestone in the development of this state-of-the-art instrument that aims at combining adaptive optics (AO) and lucky imaging
    (LI) to obtain the highest-ever resolution images at visible wavelengths from the ground.

    VIRGO
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    Astrobiologists debate which chemical signatures would hint at life on other worlds.
    Planet hunters seek new ways to detect alien life : Nature News & Comment
    http://www.nature.com/news/planet-hunters-seek-new-ways-to-detect-alien-life-1.20327
    In the search for life beyond Earth, false alarms abound. Researchers have generally considered, and rejected,
    claims ranging from a 1970s report of life on Mars to the 1990s ‘discovery’ of fossilized space microbes in a meteorite.

    Now, inspired by the detection of thousands of planets beyond the Solar System, NASA has started a fresh effort to learn
    how to recognize extraterrestrial life. The goal is to understand what gases alien life might produce — and how Earth-bound
    astronomers might detect such ‘biosignatures’ in light passing through the atmospheres of planets trillions of kilometres
    away (see ‘Searching for alien life’).

    VIRGO
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    How the face of a distant star reveals our place in the cosmos | Aeon Ideas
    https://aeon.co/ideas/how-the-face-of-a-distant-star-reveals-our-place-in-the-cosmos
    Mount Wilson boasts the world’s longest optical interferometer: the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array.
    The CHARA Array is resolving the surfaces of nearby stars, providing unprecedented glimpses of the Sun’s neighbours.

    VIRGO
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    How the face of a distant star reveals our place in the cosmos | Aeon Ideas
    https://aeon.co/ideas/how-the-face-of-a-distant-star-reveals-our-place-in-the-cosmos

    ChemCam Update - Manganese Oxides on Mars
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oayVInNUq8w
    VIRGO
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    Tomorrow ExoMars 2016 will perform another Trajectory Correction Maneuver
    ExoMars-2016 enters path to the Red Planet!
    http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars2016-mission-dsm.html
    VIRGO
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    Illgraben 22.07.2016 - lave torrentielle, Murgang, debris flow
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ENe7wDKP6I
    VIRGO
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    hohó!
    The OSIRIS-REx rocket fairing has arrived NASA Kennedy Center!

    VIRGO
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    Scientists observe a superluminous supernova that appears to have exploded twice
    http://phys.org/news/2016-07-scientists-superluminous-supernova.html
    In recent years, a new type of supernova has been discovered, about which very little is yet known, and which are brighter and longer-lasting.
    Astronomers call them superluminous supernovae (SLSN). Although only about a dozen of them are known, an international group of researchers has
    used the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC) to observe a superluminous supernova almost from the moment it occurred. The research has revealed
    surprising behaviour, because this supernova showed an initial increase in brightness that later declined for a few days, and then increased
    again much more strongly. The scientists have combined from the GTC with other observations in order to try to explain the origin of the phenomenon.


    PIC: This graph shows the evolution of the apparent brigntness of the new supernova it is shown according to data collected by the Dark Energy Survey.
    It can be seen how an initial increase in brightness occurs which is then reduced for several days. Subsequently, the brightness increases again during
    the main sequence of the supernova. Credit: Mathew Smith.

    VIRGO
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    Midnight makes for a dazzling display of stars & the Milky Way over Crater Lake National Park by Matt Shiffler

    VIRGO
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    Catalog Page for PIA20856
    http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20856
    This view from NASA's Dawn spacecraft shows terrain in the southern hemisphere of Ceres. Most of the image is
    the impact crater named Annona (37 miles, 60 kilometers across); the smaller, prominent crater at upper left is unnamed.

    Dawn took this image on June 7, 2016, from its low-altitude mapping orbit, at a distance of about 385 kilometers above
    the surface. The image resolution is 120 feet (35 meters) per pixel.

    VIRGO
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    Catalog Page for PIA20856
    http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20856
    This view from NASA's Dawn spacecraft shows terrain in the southern hemisphere of Ceres. Most of the image is
    the impact crater named Annona (37 miles, 60 kilometers across); the smaller, prominent crater at upper left is unnamed.

    Dawn took this image on June 7, 2016, from its low-altitude mapping orbit, at a distance of about 385 kilometers above
    the surface. The image resolution is 120 feet (35 meters) per pixel.

    VIRGO
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    Philae Lander: Robot Says Goodbye to Earth in Sad Tweets
    http://time.com/4424055/comet-philae-farewell-earth/
    Philae, the first robot to land on a comet, has reached the end of its life
    and is bidding a final farewell to Earth through a series of sad tweets.

    “It’s time for me to say goodbye,” Philae tweeted on Tuesday. “Tomorrow,
    the unit on @ESA_Rosetta for communication with me will be switched off forever…”

    VIRGO
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    Sol 1338 Curiosity self-portrait, with rear facing MastCam.via Kevin M. Gill.
    NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill

    VIRGO
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    The rings appear distorted through Saturn's atmosphere on July 24th, via Kevin M. Gill.
    Assembled using uncalibrated (raw) red, green, and blue filtered images.

    VIRGO
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    VIRGO
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    An almost invisible galaxy weighs as much as our own.
    The Milky Way’s dark twin revealed : Nature News & Comment
    http://www.nature.com/news/the-milky-way-s-dark-twin-revealed-1.20333
    It took 33.5 hours on one of the world’s largest telescopes, but for the first time astronomers have measured the motion of stars inside a newly
    recognized breed of dimly lit galaxy. The stars’ rapid speed reveals that the galaxy weighs as much as the far more brilliant Milky Way1.

    “It’s an important measurement,” says Avi Loeb, chair of the astronomy department at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who was not
    involved in the study. “It’s a very challenging measurement, and they should be saluted for getting it.”

    ‘Ultradiffuse’ galaxies came to attention only last year, after Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and Roberto Abraham
    of the University of Toronto in Canada built an array of sensitive telephoto lenses named Dragonfly. The astronomers and their colleagues observed
    the Coma galaxy cluster 101 megaparsecs (330 million light years) away and detected 47 faint smudges.

    VIRGO
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    SETI: Detecting ‘Stellified’ Objects
    http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=36030
    When Nikolai Kardashev looked into the question of where to find advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, he argued that the obvious starting point
    would be in the vicinity of extreme astrophysics. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) come to mind, or even the centers of comparatively quiet galaxies like
    our own. Clément Vidal picked up the same point in his The Beginning and the End (Springer, 2014), arguing persuasively that we should consider how
    black holes could be used, perhaps by manipulating the merger of such objects. And yes, this is astroengineering utterly beyond our skills,
    but possibly not those of an advanced ETI.

    Using black holes for energy is extreme, but Roger Penrose has imagined a super-civilization extracting black hole rotational energy by the injection
    of matter, and there are a number of other propositions on how such advanced engineering might work. Extracting energy from a black hole’s accretion
    disk might be the most efficient method, but lower-grade operations could exist around neutron stars. To that idea we might add, as Milan Ćirković
    does in the paper we looked at yesterday, the exploitation of X-ray binaries or quasars like SS433.
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