Odhalování galaktických tajemství | ESO Česko
https://www.eso.org/public/czechrepublic/news/eso1734/?lang

Zooming in on the galaxy NGC 1316
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFboxodn7ZM


Na obřím snímku, který zachycuje kupu galaxií v souhvězdí Pece, upoutá naši pozornost nespočet galaxií. Některé vypadají jen jako drobné tečky v pozadí,
ale jiné dominují celému popředí záběru. Jedním z velkých objektů je hojně zkoumaná čočková galaxie NGC 1316. Bouřlivá minulost zanechala nápadné šrámy
na jejím současném vzhledu – struktury smyček, oblouků a prstenů, které se nyní astronomům pomocí dalekohledu VST podařilo zachytit v jemnějších detailech,
než bylo dosud možné. Tento pozoruhodně hluboký snímek rovněž odhaluje myriády slabších objektů.

A super-precise measurement shows proton and antiproton have identical magnetic properties

Universe shouldn’t exist, CERN physicists conclude | Cosmos
https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/universe-shouldn-t-exist-cern-physicists-conclude

One of the great mysteries of modern physics is why antimatter did not destroy the universe at the beginning of time.

To explain it, physicists suppose there must be some difference between matter and antimatter – apart from electric charge.
Whatever that difference is, it’s not in their magnetism, it seems.

Physicists at CERN in Switzerland have made the most precise measurement ever of the magnetic moment of an anti-proton –
a number that measures how a particle reacts to magnetic force – and found it to be exactly the same as that of the proton
but with opposite sign. The work is described in Nature.

http://www.aei.mpg.de/2147555/stronger-tests-of-einstein-s-relativity

Combining gravitational-wave observations and pulsar timing to study alternatives to the theory of general relativity

Einstein's theory of general relativity has withstood 100 years of experimental scrutiny. However, these tests do not constrain how well the very strong gravitational fields
produced by merging neutron stars obey this theory. New, more sophisticated techniques can now search for deviations from general relativity with unprecedented sensitivity.
Scientists at the Max Planck Institutes for Gravitational Physics and for Radio Astronomy studied two foremost tools for testing the strong-field regime of gravity – pulsar
timing and gravitational-wave observations – and demonstrated how combining these methods can put alternative theories of general relativity to the test.

https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/hubble-unravels-a-twisted-cosmic-knot

NGC 2623 gained its unusual and distinctive shape as the result of a major collision and subsequent merger between two separate galaxies.
This violent encounter caused clouds of gas within the two galaxies to become compressed and stirred up, in turn triggering a sharp spike
of star formation. This active star formation is marked by speckled patches of bright blue; these can be seen clustered both in the center
and along the trails of dust and gas forming NGC 2623’s sweeping curves (known as tidal tails). These tails extend for roughly 50 000 light-
years from end to end. Many young, hot, newborn stars form in bright stellar clusters — at least 170 such clusters are known to exist within
NGC 2623.

An Atmosphere Around the Moon? Research Indicates Yes | NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/...nd-the-moon-nasa-research-suggests-significant-atmosphere-in-lunar-past.html

Looking up at the Moon at night, Earth’s closest neighbor appears in shades of gray and white; a dry desert in the vacuum of space,
inactive and dead for billions of years. Like many things, though, with the Moon, there is so much more than what meets the eye.

Research completed by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center planetary volcanologist Debra Needham in Huntsville, Alabama, and planetary
scientist David Kring at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas, suggests that billions of years ago, the Moon actually
had an atmosphere. The ancient lunar atmosphere was thicker than the atmosphere of Mars today and was likely capable of weathering
rocks and producing windstorms. Perhaps most importantly, it could be a source for some, if not all, of the water detected on the Moon.

Armagh Observatory
http://star.arm.ac.uk/press/2017/MarsTr_Oct17_pr.html

The planet Mars shares its orbit with a handful of small asteroids, the so-called Trojans. Among them, one finds a unique group, all moving in very similar orbits,
suggesting that they originated from the same object. But the mechanism that produced this "family" has been a mystery. Now, an international team of astronomers
believe they have identified the culprit: sunlight. Their findings, which highlight how small asteroids near the Sun may evolve, are to be presented at the annual
Meeting of the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society at Provo, Utah this week, by Dr. Apostolos Christou, a Research Astronomer at
the Armagh Observatory and Planetarium in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom and leader of the research team.

https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-s-messier-catalog

While the Hubble Space Telescope has not produced images of every object in the Messier catalog, it has observed 93 of them as of August 2017.
Some of Hubble's photographs offer views of a given object in its entirety, but many focus on specific areas of interest. While Hubble is able
to magnify objects very effectively, it has a relatively small field of view. This means that, in some cases, Hubble would need to take many
exposures to capture an entire object. Although this is not always an efficient use of its time, as is the case for the widely spaced “open”
star clusters in the Messier catalog, many exposures are taken when the scientific value justifies the time spent. One of these objects is the
Andromeda galaxy (designated M31 in Messier’s catalog). In order to create a mosaic image that depicts almost half of Andromeda, Hubble has
taken nearly 7,400 exposures of the galaxy.

News | Deep Space Communications via Faraway Photons
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6967

A spacecraft destined to explore a unique asteroid will also test new communication hardware that uses lasers instead of radio waves.

The Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) package aboard NASA's Psyche mission utilizes photons -- the fundamental particle of visible
light -- to transmit more data in a given amount of time. The DSOC goal is to increase spacecraft communications performance and efficiency
by 10 to 100 times over conventional means, all without increasing the mission burden in mass, volume, power and/or spectrum.

Tapping the advantages offered by laser communications is expected to revolutionize future space endeavors - a major objective of NASA's
Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD).

The DSOC project is developing key technologies that are being integrated into a deep space-worthy Flight Laser Transceiver (FLT), high-tech
work that will advance this mode of communications to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. Reaching a TRL 6 level equates to having technology
that is a fully functional prototype or representational model.

Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Wakes the World to Smashing Stars | NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/...fermi-gamma-ray-burst-monitor-wakes-the-world-to-smashing-neutron-stars.html

An Ordinary Gamma-ray Burst with Extraordinary Consequences
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfWKBo2i8Dk

Cassini: The Grand Finale: NASA Team Finds Noxious Ice Cloud on Saturn’s Moon Titan
https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3128/nasa-team-finds-noxious-ice-cloud-on-saturns-moon-titan/

Researchers with NASA’s Cassini mission have found evidence of a toxic hybrid ice in a wispy cloud high above the south pole of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan.
The finding is a new demonstration of the complex chemistry occurring in Titan’s atmosphere—in this case, cloud formation in the giant moon’s stratosphere—and
part of a collection of processes that ultimately helps deliver a smorgasbord of organic molecules to Titan’s surface.

SwRI scientists dig into the origin of organics on Ceres | SwRI
http://www.swri.org/press-release/swri-scientists-dig-origin-organics-ceres

Since NASA’s Dawn spacecraft detected localized organic-rich material on Ceres, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has been digging into the data to explore different scenarios
for its origin. After considering the viability of comet or asteroid delivery, the preponderance of evidence suggests the organics are most likely native to Ceres.

Number of undiscovered near-Earth asteroids revised downward
https://phys.org/news/2017-10-undiscovered-near-earth-asteroids-downward.html

Observers have been cataloging potentially hazardous asteroids for decades. Based on the number of finds, the area of sky explored, and the limiting brightness our telescopes
and cameras can reach, researchers can estimate what fraction of the NEA population has been detected so far and how many more objects lurk undiscovered. Harris has published
numerous such estimates over the years. Recently he realized that his estimates have been plagued by a seemingly innocuous but nonetheless consequential round-off error. Once
corrected, the estimated number of large (diameter > 1 kilometer) NEAs remaining to be discovered decreases from more than 100 to less than 40.

The population ("size-frequency distribution") of NEAs is usually given in terms of number versus brightness, since most discovery surveys operate in visible (reflected) light.
Brightness isn't a reliable proxy for size, though, because asteroid surfaces don't all have the same albedo, or reflectivity. NEA brightnesses are expressed in units of absolute
magnitude H, with lower numbers indicating brighter objects. The IAU Minor Planet Center—the world's clearinghouse for asteroid measurements—rounds off reported values of H to
the nearest 0.1 magnitude. While this is mostly unimportant, amounting to a reduction in the estimated NEA population N ( less than H ) of only about 7%, it becomes significant in
assessing the completion of surveys for the largest objects.