Sun like it hot | Horizon: the EU Research & Innovation magazine | European Commission
https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/sun-it-hot_en.html

Few would be surprised to learn that the sun is very, very hot. At its surface, the temperature is several thousand degrees Celsius.

But you might think that, like a fire, the temperature drops as you move away from the surface. In fact, way out in the sun’s corona
(the outermost part of its atmosphere) the temperature rises swiftly – to several million degrees.

The reason is a mystery, but now some scientists believe they’re on the verge of finding out.

How massive is Supermassive? Astronomers measure more black holes, farther away | SDSS | Press Releases
http://www.sdss.org/press-releases/how-massive/

Today, astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) announced new measurements
of the masses of a large sample of supermassive black holes far beyond the local Universe.

The results, being presented at the American Astronomical Society (AAS) meeting in National Harbor,
Maryland and published in the Astrophysical Journal, represent a major step forward in our ability
to measure supermassive black hole masses in large numbers of distant quasars and galaxies.

VIRGO: Heino Falcke:
It could well take a few more years to get a really „nice“ image of a black hoke. In any case it will be
exciting to finally touch first real imaging EHT data next year - irrespective of how good or bad it may be.

Most images of black holes are illustrations. Here’s what our telescopes actually capture. - Vox
https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/1/8/16822272/black-hole-looks-like-what/

Most images of black holes are illustrations. This soon may change. An audacious global project called
the Event Horizon Telescope is currently working to piece together an image of a black hole for the first time.

https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia21901/veil-of-ice

Saturn’s rings, made of countless icy particles, form a translucent veil in this view from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft.

Saturn’s tiny moon Pan, about 17 miles (28 kilometers) across, orbits within the Encke Gap in the A ring. Beyond,
we can see the arc of Saturn itself, its cloud tops streaked with dark shadows cast by the rings.

This image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Feb. 12, 2016, at a distance
of approximately 746,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) from Pan.

VIRGO: To vypada (podle tech ryh) jako kus zkameneleho bahna...

ESA Science & Technology: Gaia data help prepare for a rare celestial alignment of Neptune's largest moon
http://sci.esa.int/...ia-data-help-prepare-for-a-rare-celestial-alignment-of-neptune-s-largest-moon/

On 5 October 2017, the largest moon of Neptune will pass in front of a distant star. This rare event will temporarily block the star's light from Earth and provide
an excellent opportunity to study the moon's intriguing atmosphere. Data from ESA's Gaia mission is allowing astronomers to precisely plan their observations.

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/spend-next-new-year-s-eve-with-new-horizons

In just under a year – shortly after midnight Eastern Time on Jan. 1, 2019 – NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft will buzz by the most primitive and most distant object ever explored.
New Horizons’ encounter with Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69, which orbits a billion miles beyond Pluto, will offer the first close-up look at such a pristine building block of
the solar system – and will be performed in a region of deep space that was practically unknown just a generation ago.

Library of galaxy histories reconstructed from motions of stars | Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía - CSIC
http://www.iaa.es/en/news/library-galaxy-histories-reconstructed-motions-stars

The CALIFA survey allows to map the orbits of the stars of a sample of 300 galaxies, a fundamental information to know how they formed and evolved.

Just like the Sun is moving in our Galaxy, the Milky Way, all the stars in galaxies are moving, but with very different orbits: some of the stars have strong rotations,
while others may be moving randomly with no clear rotation. Comparing the fraction of stars on different orbits we can find out how galaxies form and evolve. An international
team of astronomers has derived directly, for the first time, the orbital distribution of a galaxy sample, containing more than 300 galaxies of the local universe. The results,
published in Nature Astronomy, are based on the CALIFA survey, a project developed at Calar Alto Observatory and conceived from the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia.

Galaxies are largest structures in the universe, and scientist study how they evolve to understand the history of the universe. Galaxy formation entails the hierarchical
assembly of halos of dark matter (a type of matter that has not been directly observed and whose existence and properties are inferred from its gravitational effects), along
with the condensation of normal matter at the halos´ center, where stellar formation takes place. Stars that formed from a settled, thin gas disk and then lived though dynamically
quiescent times will present near circular orbits, while stars with random motions are the result of turbulent environments, either at birth or later, with galactic mergers.

Proyecto CALIFA: arqueología galáctica en 3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w67yS68qwto


Thus, the motions of stars in a galaxy are like a history book, they record the information about their birth and growth environment, and it may tell us how the galaxy was formed.
"However, the motion of each single star is not directly observable in external galaxies. External galaxies are projected on the observational plane as an image and we cannot resolve
the discrete stars in it -says Ling Zhu, researcher from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy who leads the study-. The CALIFA survey uses a recently developed technique, integral
field spectroscopy, which can observe the external galaxies in such a way that it provides the overall motion of stars. Thus, we can get kinematic maps of each galaxy."

The researchers then build models for each galaxy by superposing stars on different types of orbits. By constraining the model with the observed image and kinematic maps, they can
find out the amount of stars moving on different types of orbits in each galaxy. They call it the stellar orbit distribution and, for this study, the team has built models for all
300 galaxies, representative of the general properties of galaxies in the local universe.