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    VIRGOCosmos In Brief - Aktualní novinky vesmírného výzkumu v kostce
    VIRGO
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    Hubble’s Hunting Dog Galaxy
    https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/hubbles-hunting-dog-galaxy

    Tucked away in the small northern constellation of Canes Venatici (The Hunting Dogs) is the galaxy NGC 4242, shown here as seen by the NASA/ESA
    Hubble Space Telescope. The galaxy lies some 30 million light-years from us. At this distance from Earth, actually not all that far on a cosmic scale,
    NGC 4242 is visible to anyone armed with even a basic telescope, as British astronomer William Herschel found when he discovered the galaxy in 1788.

    VIRGO
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    Study teams comb through NASA’s wish list for new telescope – Spaceflight Now
    https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/07/21/study-teams-comb-through-nasas-wish-list-for-a-new-telescope/

    Scientists outlining four concepts for a powerful new space telescope that could launch in the 2030s this week said improvements in optics, detectors and access to huge new
    rockets like NASA’s Space Launch System could revolutionize the way astronomers observe potentially habitable planets, black holes, and the earliest galaxies in the universe.

    It is likely NASA will only be able to afford one of the four proposed flagship observatories, and the space agency will take the advice of an independent review by the National
    Research Council in 2020 on which type of telescope should receive highest priority.

    VIRGO
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    New Type Ia supernova discovered using gravitational lensing
    https://phys.org/news/2017-07-ia-supernova-gravitational-lensing.html

    Using gravitational lensing, an international team of astronomers has detected a new Type Ia supernova. The newly discovered lensed supernova was
    found behind the galaxy cluster known as MOO J1014+0038. The findings were detailed in a paper published July 14 on the arXiv pre-print repository.

    Recently, a team of researchers led by David Rubin of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, have used one such massive galaxy
    cluster to reveal the presence of a new type Ia supernova. This type of supernovae can be found in binary systems in which one of the stars is a white
    dwarf. Type Ia supernovae are important for the scientific community as they offer essential clues into evolution of stars and galaxies.

    Rubin's team monitored 12 massive galaxy clusters with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as part of the Supernova Cosmology
    Project "See Change" program. These observations were complemented by an analysis of images available in the Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey.

    VIRGO
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    Hunting Molecules with the MWA - ICRAR
    https://www.icrar.org/hunting-molecules/

    Astronomers have used an Australian radio telescope to observe molecular signatures from stars, gas and
    dust in our galaxy, which could lead to the detection of complex molecules that are precursors to life.

    Using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), a radio telescope located in the Murchison region of Western
    Australia, the team successfully detected two molecules called the mercapto radical (SH) and nitric oxide (NO).

    VIRGO
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    Booze in space: how the universe is absolutely drowning in the hard stuff
    https://theconversation.com/...space-how-the-universe-is-absolutely-drowning-in-the-hard-stuff-81122

    A cold beer on a hot day or a whisky nightcap beside a coal fire. A well earned glass can loosen your thinking until you feel able to
    pierce the mysteries of life, death, love and identity. In moments like these, alcohol and the cosmic can seem intimately entwined.

    So perhaps it should come as no surprise that the universe is awash with alcohol. In the gas that occupies the space between the stars,
    the hard stuff is almost all-pervasive. What is it doing there? Is it time to send out some big rockets to start collecting it?

    The chemical elements around us reflect the history of the universe and the stars within it. Shortly after the Big Bang, protons were
    formed throughout the expanding, cooling universe. Protons are the nuclei of hydrogen atoms and building blocks for the nuclei of all
    the other elements. These have mostly been manufactured since the Big Bang through nuclear reactions in the hot dense cores of stars.
    Heavier elements such as lead or gold are only fabricated in rare massive stars or incredibly explosive events.

    VIRGO
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    Saturn Surprises As Cassini Continues its Grand Finale
    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/saturn-surprises-as-cassini-continues-its-grand-finale

    As NASA's Cassini spacecraft makes its unprecedented series of weekly dives between Saturn and its rings, scientists are finding - so far -
    that the planet's magnetic field has no discernable tilt. This surprising observation, which means the true length of Saturn's day is still
    unknown, is just one of several early insights from the final phase of Cassini's mission, known as the Grand Finale.

    Other recent science highlights include promising hints about the structure and composition of the icy rings, along with high-resolution
    images of the rings and Saturn's atmosphere.

    Cassini is now in the 15th of 22 weekly orbits that pass through the narrow gap between Saturn and its rings. The spacecraft began
    its finale on April 26 and will continue its dives until Sept. 15, when it will make a mission-ending plunge into Saturn's atmosphere.

    VIRGO
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    Scientists find some of Mars' youngest volcanoes – and discover they could have supported life
    https://theconversation.com/...-youngest-volcanoes-and-discover-they-could-have-supported-life-81345

    It may seem that Mars was once a much more exciting planet. True, there are dust storms and possible water-seeps occurring today,
    but billions of years ago it was a dramatic place with huge volcanoes, a giant canyon system and branching river valleys being formed.

    But now planetary scientists have identified what looks like more recently formed volcanoes, in geological terms. Excitingly, they may
    have once provided the perfect environment for microbial lifeforms to thrive.

    Mars’ Olympus Mons is the solar system’s largest volcano – 22km high and more than 500km across its base. It began to grow over 3 billion
    years ago, but some lava flows high on its flanks appear to be as young as 2m years, judging from the relative lack of overlapping impact
    craters. Craters caused by asteroid impacts show how old a surface in the solar system is – the more craters the longer it has been around.
    However, fresh lava from a volcano can bury former craters, resetting this clock.

    VIRGO
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    Scientists spy new evidence of water in the Moon’s interior | News from Brown
    http://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/07/moonwater

    Using satellite data, Brown researchers have for the first time detected widespread water within ancient explosive
    volcanic deposits on the Moon, suggesting that its interior contains substantial amounts of indigenous water.

    VIRGO
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    Keeping an Eye on Ross 128
    https://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=38137

    Any nearby stars are of interest from the standpoint of exoplanet investigations, though thus far we’ve yet to discover
    any companions around Ross 128. An M4V dwarf, Ross 128 has about 15 percent of the Sun’s mass. More significantly, it is
    an active flare star, capable of unpredictable changes in luminosity over short periods. Which leads me back to that unusual
    reception. The SETI Institute’s Seth Shostak described it this way in a post:

    What the Puerto Rican astronomers found when the data were analyzed was a wide-band radio signal. This signal not only
    repeated with time, but also slid down the radio dial, somewhat like a trombone going from a higher note to a lower one.

    And as Shostak goes on to say, “That was odd, indeed.”

    ---

    Last night photo of Ross 128 (center) by Alberto Q Vodniza from the University of Nariño Observatory - Colombia

    VIRGO
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    Scientists 'Teleport' a Particle Hundreds of Miles—But What Does That Mean?
    http://gizmodo.com/scientists-teleport-a-particle-hundreds-of-miles-but-w-1796818859/amp

    Humanity is advancing rapidly towards a place where the news sounds an awful lot like science fiction. In fact, yesterday, Chinese scientists
    reported that they “teleported” a photon over hundreds of miles using a “quantum satellite.” But this isn’t Star Trek. It’s the real world.

    This “quantum teleportation” doesn’t actually involve teleporting a real object—it’s not really teleportation at all. The scientists are actually
    sending information about a particle of light in a way that can only be accessed by two observers. This could have major implications for the future
    of computing—it would make for incredible data encryption. But encryption with this technology is still pretty far off.

    Still, the researchers write in their new paper, “This work establishes the first ground-to-satellite up-link for faithful and ultra-long-distance
    quantum teleportation, an essential step toward global-scale quantum internet.” Let’s walk through what that means.

    VIRGO
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    Planets Like Earth May Have Had Muddy Origins | Planetary Science Institute
    http://www.psi.edu/news/asteroidmud

    Scientists have long held the belief that planets – including Earth – were built from rocky asteroids, but new research challenges that view.

    Published in Science Advances, a journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the research suggests that many of the
    original planetary building blocks in our solar system may actually have started life, not as rocky asteroids, but as gigantic balls of warm mud.

    Phil Bland, Curtin University planetary scientist, undertook the research to try and get a better insight into how smaller planets, the precursors
    to the larger terrestrial planets we know today, may have come about.

    VIRGO
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    Scientists Are Using the Universe as a "Cosmological Collider"2017-22 | www.cfa.harvard.edu/
    https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2017-22

    Physicists are capitalizing on a direct connection between the largest cosmic structures and
    the smallest known objects to use the universe as a "cosmological collider" and investigate new physics.

    The three-dimensional map of galaxies throughout the cosmos and the leftover radiation from the Big Bang –
    called the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – are the largest structures in the universe that astrophysicists
    observe using telescopes. Subatomic elementary particles, on the other hand, are the smallest known objects in
    the universe that particle physicists study using particle colliders.

    A team including Xingang Chen of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Yi Wang from the Hong
    Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and Zhong-Zhi Xianyu from the Center for Mathematical Sciences
    and Applications at Harvard University has used these extremes of size to probe fundamental physics in an
    innovative way. They have shown how the properties of the elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle
    physics may be inferred by studying the largest cosmic structures. This connection is made through a process
    called cosmic inflation.

    VIRGO
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    Backreaction: Penrose claims LIGO noise is evidence for Cyclic Cosmology
    http://backreaction.blogspot.cz/2017/07/penrose-claims-ligo-noise-is-evidence.html

    Noise is the physicists’ biggest enemy. Unless you are a theorist whose pet idea
    masquerades as noise. Then you are best friends with noise. Like Roger Penrose.

    Penrose doesn’t like most of what’s currently in fashion, but believes that human consciousness can’t be explained
    by known physics and that the universe is cyclically reborn. This cyclic cosmology, so his recent claim, gives rise
    to correlations in the LIGO noise – just like what’s been observed.

    VIRGO
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    https://www.nasa.gov/...nasa-looks-to-the-solar-eclipse-to-help-understand-the-earth-s-energy-system

    On Aug. 21, 2017, scientists are looking to this year’s total solar eclipse passing across America to improve our modelling capabilities
    of Earth’s energy. Guoyong Wen, a NASA scientist working for Morgan State University in Baltimore, is leading a team to gather data from
    the ground and satellites before, during and after the eclipse so they can simulate this year’s eclipse using an advanced computer model,
    called a 3-D radiative transfer model. If successful, Wen and his team will help develop new calculations that improve our estimates of
    the amount of solar energy reaching the ground, and our understanding of one of the key players in regulating Earth’s energy system, clouds.

    VIRGO
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    NASA’s Hubble Sees Martian Moon Orbiting the Red Planet
    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/hubble-sees-martian-moon-orbiting-the-red-planet

    The sharp eye of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has captured the tiny moon Phobos during its orbital trek around Mars.
    Because the moon is so small, it appears star-like in the Hubble pictures.

    Over the course of 22 minutes, Hubble took 13 separate exposures, allowing astronomers to create a time-lapse video
    showing the diminutive moon's orbital path. The Hubble observations were intended to photograph Mars, and the moon's
    cameo appearance was a bonus.

    VIRGO
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    https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/48292

    The international SpARCS collaboration based at UC Riverside has made the best measurement
    yet of the amount of fuel available to form stars in clusters of galaxies located in the early universe

    The international Spitzer Adaptation of the Red-sequence Cluster Survey (SpARCS) collaboration based at the University of California,
    Riverside has combined observations from several of the world’s most powerful telescopes to carry out one of the largest studies yet
    of molecular gas – the raw material which fuels star formation throughout the universe – in three of the most distant clusters of
    galaxies ever found, detected as they appeared when the universe was only four billion years old.

    VIRGO
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    ESTEN: Díky!
    VIRGO
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    Ground-based images of planets obtained by Pic-Net Pro-Am team
    https://phys.org/news/2017-07-ground-based-images-planets-pic-net-pro-am.html

    The first observing run of a collaboration between amateur and professional astronomers to monitor
    our planetary neighbours has resulted in some of the best planetary images ever taken from the ground.

    The 'Pic-Net' project (http://pic-net.org/) aims to use the one-metre diameter planetary telescope at the Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees
    to monitor the meteorology of planets in our Solar System, measure global winds in their atmospheres, monitor impact of minor planet bodies producing giant
    fireballs in planetary atmospheres, and provide observational support for various space missions. Last month, a small team of amateur astronomers carried
    out a pilot observing run during a workshop funded by the Europlanet 2020 Research Infrastructure (RI). Superb-quality images of Jupiter, Saturn, Venus
    and Jupiter's moon Ganymede were obtained during four nights of observations, as well as images of Uranus and Neptune.



    VIRGO
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    http://www.seti.org/...release/seti-institute-unistellar-partnership-promises-revolutionize-amateur

    The SETI Institute and French startup Unistellar, announced a partnership today to commercialize a new telescope that promises to deliver
    an unparalleled view of the cosmos to amateur astronomers, and provide the opportunity to contribute directly to cutting-edge science.

    Unistellar’s new eVscope™ leverages “Enhanced Vision” imaging technology and now provides three unique features never before offered in
    a compact mass-market instrument thanks to this partnership.

    "Our compact 4.5-inch telescope allows observers to see objects fainter than Pluto and achieve sensitivity equivalent to a one-meter telescope!”"

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