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    VIRGOCosmos In Brief - Aktualní novinky vesmírného výzkumu v kostce
    VIRGO
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    A new look at Venus with Akatsuki | The Planetary Society
    http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2018/0116-a-new-look-at-venus-with-akatsuki.html

    Akatsuki (also known as PLANET-C and Venus Climate Orbiter) is a Japanese mission that launched almost eight years ago, in 2010. It missed its first attempt
    to orbit Venus on December 7, 2010 due to the failure of its orbital insertion rocket. It was only on December 7, 2015, after several years of wandering around
    the Sun, that Akatsuki succeeded in placing itself in orbit around the enigmatic planet. Even though the new orbit of Akatsuki is distant and highly elongated,
    a large portion of the original science objectives may still be achieved.

    VIRGO
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    In this view, individual layers of haze can be distinguished in the upper atmosphere of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Titan’s atmosphere features a rich
    and complex chemistry originating from methane and nitrogen and evolving into complex molecules, eventually forming the smog that surrounds the moon.

    This natural color image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on March 31, 2005, at a distance of approximately 20,556 miles
    (33,083 kilometers) from Titan. The view looks toward the north polar region on the moon’s night side. Part of Titan’s sunlit crescent is visible at right.

    VIRGO
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    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/hubble-yields-new-discoveries-at-the-winter-aas-meeting

    Astronomers gathering at the 231st meeting of the American Astronomical Society at National Harbor in Washington, D.C., will have a chance to learn
    about groundbreaking new research with +Hubble Space Telescope. The new science discoveries with the Earth-orbiting observatory stretch from nearby
    star-forming regions, to the heart of our Milky Way galaxy, to the horizon of the observable universe. All of these findings exploit the telescope’s
    extraordinary resolution, sensitivity, and broad wavelength capabilities to gather information about the universe from space-based observations.

    Flight Through Orion Nebula in Visible and Infrared Light
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCFg5udYbAg
    VIRGO
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    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/webb-telescope-s-houston-highlights

    With NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s approximately nine-month stay in Texas coming to an end, now is a good time to reflect on the memories
    it made in the Lone Star State. NASA has created a timelapse video that chronicles Webb’s time at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

    Webb Telescope's Houston Highlights Time Lapse
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLGDkhp28rI


    Secondary Mirror Squeezing Below Top of Chamber A
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDcpxocRcD8
    VIRGO
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    ASU astronomers to build space telescope to explore nearby stars | ASU Now: Access, Excellence, Impact
    https://asunow.asu.edu/...110-discoveries-asu-astronomers-build-space-telescope-explore-nearby-stars

    In 2021, a spacecraft the size of a Cheerios box will carry a small telescope into Earth orbit on an unusual mission. Its task
    is to monitor the flares and sunspots of small stars to assess how habitable the space environment is for planets orbiting them.

    The spacecraft, known as the Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat, or SPARCS for short, is a new NASA-funded space telescope.
    The mission, including spacecraft design, integration and resulting science, is led by Arizona State University's School of Earth
    and Space Exploration (SESE).

    VIRGO
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    Swift Mission Catches a Comet Slowdown
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe-d9RxLLaM


    NASA's Newly Renamed Swift Mission Spies a Comet Slowdown
    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasas-newly-renamed-swift-mission-spies-a-comet-slowdown

    Observations by NASA's Swift spacecraft, now renamed the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory after the mission’s late principal investigator, have
    captured an unprecedented change in the rotation of a comet. Images taken in May 2017 reveal that comet 41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák — 41P for short
    — was spinning three times slower than it was in March, when it was observed by the Discovery Channel Telescope at Lowell Observatory in Arizona.

    VIRGO
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    http://greenbankobservatory.org/hydrogen-clouds-from-galaxy-center/

    A team of astronomers has discovered what appears to be a grand exodus of more than 100 hydrogen clouds streaming away from the center of the Milky Way
    and heading into intergalactic space. This observation, made with the National Science Foundation’s Green Bank Telescope (GBT), may give astronomers
    a clearer picture of the so-called Fermi Bubbles, giant balloons of superheated gas billowing out above and below the disk of our galaxy.
    VIRGO
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    2x C/2016 R2 Panstarrs. Nádhera!



    Taken by michael jäger on January 10, 2018 @ Hochbärneck Austria



    Taken by Gerald Rhemann on January 9, 2018 @ Farm Tivoli, Namibia SW-Africa
    VIRGO
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    https://www.forbes.com/...atter-physics-could-solve-the-expanding-universe-controversy/#23685d407a8c

    There's an enormous controversy in astrophysics today over how quickly the Universe is expanding. One camp of scientists, the same camp that won
    the Nobel Prize for discovering dark energy, measured the expansion rate to be 73 km/s/Mpc, with an uncertainty of only 2.4%. But a second method,
    based on the leftover relics from the Big Bang, reveals an answer that's incompatibly lower at 67 km/s/Mpc, with an uncertainty of only 1%. It's
    possible that one of the teams has an unidentified error that's causing this discrepancy, but independent checks have failed to show any cracks in
    either analysis. Instead, new physics might be the culprit. If so, we just might have our first real clue to how dark matter might be detected.

    Animation of cosmic distance ladder
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQbtjUgIVhg
    VIRGO
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    A Quick Look at the Galactic Center
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiidT4DH1Es
    VIRGO
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    Dark Energy Survey publicly releases first three years of data | News
    http://news.fnal.gov/2018/01/dark-energy-survey-publicly-releases-first-three-years-of-data/

    At a special session held during the American Astronomical Society meeting in Washington, D.C., scientists on the Dark Energy Survey (DES)
    announced today the public release of their first three years of data. This first major release of data from the Survey includes information
    on about 400 million astronomical objects, including distant galaxies billions of light-years away as well as stars in our own galaxy.

    VIRGO
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    Ingredients for Life Revealed in Meteorites That Fell to Earth
    http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2018/01/10/organic-meteorites/

    Study, based in part at Berkeley Lab, also suggests dwarf planet in asteroid belt may be a source of rich organic matter

    VIRGO
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    Building a mirror for any giant telescope is no simple feat. But the recent castings of the 15-metric ton, off-axis mirrors
    for the Giant Magellan Telescope forced engineers to push the design & manufacturing process beyond all previous limits.

    Casting a $20 Million Mirror for the World’s Largest Telescope
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2f4zepwcy8
    VIRGO
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    The long and short of it: Iron-rich stars host shorter-period planets | SDSS | Press Releases
    http://www.sdss.org/press-releases/long-short-iron/

    Astronomers with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) have learned that the chemical composition of a star
    can exert unexpected influence on its planetary system — a discovery made possible by an ongoing SDSS survey
    of stars seen by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, and one that promises to expand our understanding of how extrasolar
    planets form and evolve.

    VIRGO
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    https://www.nasa.gov/.../new-sofia-observations-help-unravel-mysteries-of-the-birth-of-colossal-suns

    Astronomers are observing star-forming regions in our galaxy with NASA’s flying telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, SOFIA, to
    understand the processes and environments required to create the largest known stars, which tip the scales at ten times the mass of our own Sun or more.

    The research team, led by James M. De Buizer, SOFIA senior scientist and Jonathan Tan at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden and the University
    of Virginia, has published observations of eight extremely massive and young stars located within our Milky Way Galaxy. SOFIA’s powerful camera, the Faint Object
    infraRed Camera for the SOFIA Telescope, known as FORCAST, allowed the team to probe warm, dusty regions that are heated by light from luminous, massive stars that
    are still forming. SOFIA’s airborne location, flying above more than 99 percent of Earth’s infrared-blocking water vapor coupled with its powerful instruments, make
    it the only observatory that can study the stars at the wavelengths, sensitivity, and resolution necessary to see inside the dense dust clouds from which these
    stars are born.

    VIRGO
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    Winds of change: Supermassive black holes can overpower even the smallest galaxies | SDSS | Press Releases
    http://www.sdss.org/press-releases/winds-of-change/

    Today, astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey report a surprising new answer to that important question:
    feedback from supermassive black holes blocks star formation, even in some of the smallest galaxies.

    The results, being presented at the American Astronomical Society (AAS) meeting in National Harbor, Maryland on
    Thursday and soon to be published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, represent a major
    step forward in our understanding of how dwarf galaxies — some of the smallest in our Universe — are prevented
    from forming stars.

    VIRGO
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    Meteorites reveal story of Martian climate | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
    https://www.llnl.gov/news/meteorites-reveal-story-martian-climate

    Liquid water is not stable on Mars’ surface because the planet’s atmosphere is too thin and temperatures are too cold. However,
    at one time Mars hosted a warm and wet surface environment that may have been conducive to life. A significant unanswered question
    in planetary science is when Mars underwent this dramatic change in climate conditions.

    New research by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) cosmochemist Bill Cassata shows that, by looking at trapped gasses
    in ancient Martian meteorites, the timing and effectiveness of atmospheric escape processes that have shaped Mars’ climate can be
    pinned down. The research appears in Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

    Cassata analyzed the Martian atmospheric gas xenon (Xe, in two ancient Martian meteorites, ALH 84001 and NWA 7034. The data indicate
    that early in Martian history there was a sufficient concentration of atmospheric hydrogen to mass fractionated Xe (selectively removed
    light isotopes) through a process known as hydrodynamic escape. However, the measurements suggest this process culminated within a few
    hundred million years of planetary formation (more than 4 billion years ago), and little change to the atmospheric Xe isotopic
    composition has occurred since this time.
    VIRGO
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    Aerospace engineers developing drone for NASA concept mission to Titan | Penn State University
    http://news.psu.edu/...1/09/research/aerospace-engineers-developing-drone-nasa-concept-mission-titan

    Researchers from the Penn State Department of Aerospace Engineering are part of a team led by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
    (APL) whose proposal for a revolutionary rotorcraft to investigate Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, has been selected by NASA as one of two
    finalists for the agency’s next New Frontiers mission.

    Dragonfly, a drone-like multi-rotor lander, would take advantage of Titan’s dense atmosphere (four times denser than Earth’s atmosphere)
    and low gravity (one-seventh of Earth's) to fly between widely-spaced landing sites on Titan’s surface. At each landing site, Dragonfly
    would employ a suite of science instruments to investigate Titan’s organic chemistry and habitability; monitor atmospheric and surface
    conditions; image landforms to investigate geological processes; and perform seismic studies.

    VIRGO
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    https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/new-day

    "A view of the sunrise from the ISS is a perfect start to a new day," so said @Anton_Astrey, otherwise known as cosmonaut
    Anton Shkaplerov, who is currently stationed aboard the International Space Station, orbiting 250 miles above the Earth.

    VIRGO
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    Sun like it hot | Horizon: the EU Research & Innovation magazine | European Commission
    https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/sun-it-hot_en.html

    Few would be surprised to learn that the sun is very, very hot. At its surface, the temperature is several thousand degrees Celsius.

    But you might think that, like a fire, the temperature drops as you move away from the surface. In fact, way out in the sun’s corona
    (the outermost part of its atmosphere) the temperature rises swiftly – to several million degrees.

    The reason is a mystery, but now some scientists believe they’re on the verge of finding out.

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