https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/21/e6/b5/3b42bf1ca61b83/US5589466.pdfINDUCTION OF A PROTECTIVE IMMUNE
RESPONSE IN A MAMMAL BY NJECTING
A DNA SEQUENCE
75) Inventors: Philip L. Felgner, Rancho Santa Fe,
Calif.; Jon A. Wolff, Madison, Wis.;
Gary H. Rhodes, Leucadia, Calif.;
Robert W. Malone, Chicago, Ill.,
Dennis A. Carson, Del Mar, Calif.
73) Assignees: Vical Incorporated, San Diego, Calif.;
Wisconsin Alumni Research
Foundation, Dane, Wis.
21 Appl. No.: 380,131
22 Filed: Jan. 26, 1995
Robert W. Malone - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._MaloneRobert Malone received his BSc in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1984, his MSc in biology from the University of California, San Diego in 1988, and his MD from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 1991.[5][6][7] He attended Harvard Medical School for a year-long postdoctoral studies program.[8]
Career
In the late 1980s, while a graduate student researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California, Malone conducted studies on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology, discovering that it was possible to transfer mRNA protected by a liposome into cultured cells to signal the information needed for the production of proteins.[9][2]
In 1987, Malone performed a landmark experiment on transfection of RNA into human, rat, mouse, Xenopus, and Drosophila cells, published in 1989.[10][11] A follow-up study also published in 1989 found that frog embryos absorbed such mRNA. A 1990 paper, in collaboration with Jon A. Wolff, Dennis A. Carson, and others, first suggested the possibility of synthesizing mRNA in a laboratory to trigger the production of a desired protein.[12] These studies are recognized as among the earliest steps towards mRNA vaccine development.[13][10][1][14][15] Malone claims to be the inventor of mRNA vaccines, and while Stan Gromkowski, an early mRNA vaccine researcher and cellular immunologist, views Malone as "an underappreciated pioneer" who could be in contention to win a Nobel Prize for his work,[1] credit for the distinction is more often given to later advancements by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman[16][10] or Moderna co-founder Derrick Rossi,[9][17][18] and was ultimately the result of the contributions of hundreds of researchers, including Malone.[19]Malone has served as director of clinical affairs for Avancer Group, a member of the scientific advisory board of EpiVax, assistant professor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore school of medicine, and an adjunct associate professor of biotechnology at Kennesaw State University.[20] He was CEO and co-founder of Atheric Pharmaceutical,[21] which in 2016 was contracted by the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases to assist in the development of a treatment for the Zika virus by evaluating the efficacy of existing drugs.[22][23][24][25] Until 2020, Malone was chief medical officer at Alchem Laboratories, a Florida pharmaceutical company.[26]
Robert Malone: Vaccine Scientist, Vaccine Skeptic - The Atlantichttps://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/robert-malone-vaccine-inventor-vaccine-skeptic/619734/In any case, it’s clear enough that Malone isn’t singularly responsible for mRNA vaccines. The process of achieving major scientific advancements tends to be more cumulative and complex than the apple-to-the-head stories we usually tell, but this much can be said for sure: Malone was involved in groundbreaking work related to mRNA vaccines before it was cool or profitable; and he and others who believed in the potential of RNA-based vaccines in the 1980s turned out to be world-savingly correct