Astronomers discover one of the brightest galaxies known
https://phys.org/news/2017-07-astronomers-brightest-galaxies.html

Thanks to an amplified image produced by a gravitational lens, and the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS a team of scientists
from the Polytechnic University of Cartagena and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias have discovered one of the
brightest galaxies known from the epoch when the universe had 20 percent of its present age.

Using this effect, a team of scientists from the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC) led by researcher Anastasio
Díaz-Sánches of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPT) has discovered a very distant galaxy, some 10 thousand
million light years away, about a thousand times brighter than the Milky Way. It is the brightest of the submillimetre
galaxies, called this because of their very strong emissionin the far infrared. To measure it they used the Gran
Telescopio Canarias (GTC) at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (Garafía, La Palma).

This is what it would take to kill all life on Earth | Science | AAAS
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/what-it-would-take-kill-all-life-earth

A giant asteroid crashing into our planet would instantly kill off millions of animals. But the aftermath of such an impact would be even more disastrous:
Tsunamis, earthquakes, and vast clouds of dust blocking out the sun would lead to crop failure and mass extinction. Sixty-five million years ago, just such
an event killed off 75% of species on Earth. But to really wipe life off the planet, it would take an astrophysical event so powerful that Earth’s oceans
would literally boil away, according to a new study. The heat and cosmic radiation would make Earth inhospitable even to tardigrades, among the hardiest
organisms ever discovered.

“They’ve taken a grand question—how resilient is life?—and turned [it] into a well-posed calculation, by focusing on the energy required to boil Earth’s
oceans,” says Joshua Winn, an exoplanets expert at Princeton University, who was not involved in the study. “It’s an awful lot of energy.”

Researchers first calculated the amount of energy it would take to bring all Earth’s water above 100°C: 6 x 1022 joules, about a hundred times more than
total annual energy consumption by humans, or a trillion times the energy needed for the space shuttle to lift off. Translated into cataclysms, it would
take the energy given off by the impact of an asteroid the size of Vesta or Pallas, among the solar system’s biggest, they report today in Scientific
Reports. Other options: exploding stars known as supernovae or gamma ray bursts, highly energetic explosions in outer space.

Study finds our Sun is like other stars, resolving mystery
https://phys.org/news/2017-07-sun-stars-mystery.html

Our Sun is much like other stars, and not an anomaly because of its magnetic poles that flip every 11 years, scientists said Thursday.

The report in the journal Science aims to lay to rest the controversy over whether our solar system's star is cyclic, like other nearby,
solar-type stars. "We have shed light on a fundamental mechanism which determines the length of these cycles, which helps us understand
the cycle itself over the long-term," lead author Antoine Strugarek, a researcher at the University of Montreal, told AFP.

VIRGO: NASA Video Soars over Pluto’s Majestic Mountains and Icy Plains
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-video-soars-over-pluto-s-majestic-mountains-and-icy-plains

New Horizons Flyover of Pluto
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1fPhhTT2Oo


New Horizons Flyover of Charon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0Q7O7TZ7Ks

New Horizons Unveils New Maps of Pluto, Charon on Flyby Anniversary
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-unveils-new-maps-of-pluto-charon-on-flyby-anniversary

On July 14, 2015, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft made its historic flight through the Pluto system – providing the first close-up images of Pluto
and its moons and collecting other data that has transformed our understanding of these mysterious worlds on the solar system’s outer frontier.

Scientists are still analyzing and uncovering data that New Horizons recorded and sent home after the encounter. On the two-year anniversary of
the flyby, the team is unveiling a set of detailed, high-quality global maps of Pluto and its largest moon, Charon.

Complex Gas Motion in the Centre of the Milky Way - Communications and Marketing - Heidelberg University
http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news2017/pm20170713_milchstrasse_en.html

How does the gas in the centre of the Milky Way behave? Researchers from Heidelberg University, in collaboration with colleagues
from the University of Oxford, recently investigated the motion of gas clouds in a comprehensive computer simulation. The new model
finally makes it possible to conclusively explain this complex gas motion. Astrophysicists Dr Mattia C. Sormani (Heidelberg) and Matthew
Ridley (Oxford) conducted the research, on Heidelberg’s part, at the Collaborative Research Centre "The Milky Way System" (CRC 881).

Take a 360° spin through the heart of the sun | Science | AAAS
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/take-360-spin-through-heart-sun

360 Video: Inside the heart of a star's magnetic field.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSoyqFcK22k

Researchers describe one of the most massive large-scale structures in the universe
https://phys.org/news/2017-07-massive-large-scale-universe.html

A team of astronomers from the Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCAA), and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER),
both in Pune, India, and members of two other Indian universities, have identified a previously unknown, extremely large supercluster of galaxies located in
the direction of constellation Pisces. This is one of the largest known structures in the nearby Universe, and is at a distance of 4,000 million (400 crore)
light-years away from us.

This novel discovery is being published in the latest issue of The Astrophysical Journal, the premier research journal of the American Astronomical Society.

Large-scale structures in the Universe are found to be hierarchically assembled, with galaxies, together with associated gas, and dark matter, being clumped
in clusters, which are organized with other clusters, smaller groups, filaments, sheets and large empty regions ("voids") in a pattern called the "Cosmic web"
which spans the observable Universe.

Superclusters are the largest coherent structures in the Cosmic Web. A Supercluster is a chain of galaxies and galaxy clusters, bound by gravity, often
stretching to several hundred times the size of clusters of galaxies, consisting of tens of thousands of galaxies. This newly-discovered 'Saraswati'
supercluster, for instance, extends over a scale of 600 million light-years and may contain the mass equivalent of over 20 million billion suns.

A New Search for Extrasolar Planets from the Arecibo Observatory - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo
http://phl.upr.edu/press-releases/barnard

The National Science Foundation’s Arecibo Observatory and the Planetary Habitability Laboratory of the University of Puerto Rico
at Arecibo joined the Red Dots project in the search for new planets around our nearest stars. This new collaboration will
simultaneously observe in both the optical and radio spectrum Barnard’s Star, a popular star in the science fiction literature.

Barnard's star is a low-mass red dwarf almost six light-years away and the second-closest stellar system to our Sun after
the Alpha Centauri triple-star system. There are hints of a possible super-Earth mass planet in a cold orbit around this star.

The Arecibo Observatory has a new campaign to observe nearby red dwarf stars with planets. The purpose of this campaign is to detect
radio emissions from these stars, such as from flares, to help characterize their radiation and magnetic environment and any potential
perturbations due to other bodies. These perturbations might reveal the presence of new sub-stellar objects including planets.

Barnard’s Star will be the eighth red dwarf star to be recently observed by the Arecibo Observatory. Results from Gliese 436, Ross 128,
Wolf 359, HD 95735, BD +202465, V* RY Sex, and K2-18 are currently being analyzed. These observations are led by Prof. Abel Méndez,
Director of the Planetary Habitability Laboratory of the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo in collaboration with Dr. Jorge Zuluaga
from the Universidad de Antioquia in Colombia.

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15978

The Eridania region in the southern highlands of Mars once contained a vast inland sea with a volume of water greater than that of all other Martian lakes combined.
Here we show that the most ancient materials within Eridania are thick (>400 m), massive (not bedded), mottled deposits containing saponite, talc-saponite, Fe-rich
mica (for example, glauconite-nontronite), Fe- and Mg-serpentine, Mg-Fe-Ca-carbonate and probable Fe-sulphide that likely formed in a deep water (500–1,500 m)
hydrothermal setting. The Eridania basin occurs within some of the most ancient terrain on Mars where striking evidence for remnant magnetism might suggest an early
phase of crustal spreading. The relatively well-preserved seafloor hydrothermal deposits in Eridania are contemporaneous with the earliest evidence for life on Earth
in potentially similar environments 3.8 billion years ago, and might provide an invaluable window into the environmental conditions of early Earth.

How to Find an Inhabited Exoplanet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f5wV4KRZXU

Chandra Peers into a Nurturing Cloud | NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/images/chandra-peers-into-a-nurturing-cloud.html

The giant molecular cloud known as W51 is one of the closest to Earth at a distance of about 17,000 light years. Because of its
relative proximity, W51 provides astronomers with an excellent opportunity to study how stars are forming in our Milky Way galaxy.

A new composite image of W51 shows the high-energy output from this stellar nursery, where X-rays from Chandra are colored blue.
In about 20 hours of Chandra exposure time, over 600 young stars were detected as point-like X-ray sources, and diffuse X-ray emission
from interstellar gas with a temperature of a million degrees or more was also observed. Infrared light observed with NASA’s Spitzer
Space Telescope appears orange and yellow-green and shows cool gas and stars surrounded by disks of cool material.

A Tour of W51
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwrQsXWpXSw