HNILOB: Z druhého pdf.
For storage, corks are held in place by being tied down. A
description published between 1613 and 1631 records the use of pack thread
(McKearin and Wilson 1978: 212). Copper alloy wires were in use by the
early years of the 18th century and were used continuously after that until
interest in other forms of closures developed in the second half of the 19th
century. Examples from archaeological contexts show a single strand of
wire twisted so that it crosses over the cork twice in a V-shaped loop (Fig.
3). More than 20 examples from the Machault, a ship sunk in 1760,
exhibited no signs of having any type of covering over the cork and the
wire (Sullivan 1979). Several other archaeological examples, dating from
ea, 1790 to 1850, also have only the cork and wire present. These same
examples show clearly that the cork was not always driven flush, as is
popularly believed (McKearin 1971: 125), but that they sometimes extended
slightly above the lip (see also Noel Hume 1958b: 776).
Several references, however, suggest that the corks were sometimes
covered. An early example, a wine bottle dating to 1727, is reported to
have the cork covered with wax and cloth and held down by a string
attached under the string rim (No@l Hume 1958b: 774, 776). The use of
parchment, paper, and bladders, sometimes impregnated with other substances
such as wax or resin, to cover mouths of bottles and jars was
common in the 18th century particularly for home bottling (McKearin and
Wilson 1978: 249-52). For bottling cider Rees recommended that
••.the corks be driven very tightly into the necks of the bottles,
tied down with small strong twine or wire, and well secured with
melted rosin, or other material of the same nature•••(Rees 1819:
Vol. 10, Cyder).