pro zajimavot:
- "The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption was truly extraordinary in that it injected about 300 billion pounds of water into the normally dry stratosphere, which is just an absolutely incredible amount of water from a single event,"
- "Some material reached the lower mesosphere, more than 30 miles above the Earth's surface, altitudes never recorded from a volcanic eruption. Previous studies found that the eruption increased water vapor in the stratosphere by 10% worldwide, with even higher concentrations in some areas of the Southern Hemisphere."
- The extra water vapor also had a cooling effect in the stratosphere, leading to a change in circulation, which drove decreases in ozone in the southern hemisphere and an increase of ozone over the tropics.
- The researchers found that the peak decrease in ozone occurred in October, nine months after the eruption.
- The eruption produced just over 192,000 flashes (made up of nearly 500,000 electrical pulses), peaking at 2,615 flashes per minute.
- “It turns out, volcanic eruptions can create more extreme lightning than any other kind of storm on Earth.”
- “The scale of these lightning rings blew our minds. We’ve never seen anything like that before, there’s nothing comparable in meteorological storms.
- “It was like unearthing a dinosaur and seeing it walk around on four legs. Sort of takes your breath away,” Dr. Van Eaton said.
Study examines how massive 2022 eruption changed stratosphere chemistry and dynamicshttps://phys.org/news/2023-11-massive-eruption-stratosphere-chemistry-dynamics.htmlGiant Eruption Plume from Tonga’s Volcano Produced Most Intense Lightning Rates Ever Detected | Sci.Newshttps://www.sci.news/othersciences/geoscience/tongas-hunga-volcano-eruption-plume-lightning-12024.html