NELLAS: le pardon, vedazive byl prvni odkaz, co na me vyskočil (server neznam) zkusim něco serioznejsiho
Adult Health and Early Life Adversity: Behind the Curtains of Maternal Care Research - PMC
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8928269/The Plight of Baby Gua (and Donald)
In retrospect, the nature versus nurture debate appears to have started off as an inappropriate zero-sum argument. It was believed that who we become as adults, our mental and physical characteristics and abilities, was either due to genetics or experience, sometimes both. Likewise, early experiments to address the nature/nurture dilemma were simplistic, not well controlled, and for one well-recognized study, in the end, was relatively thoughtless and lacking compassion. During the 1920s, the husband-and-wife team of Luella and Winthrop Kellogg brought home with them from Cuba an infant chimpanzee named Gua, at seven and a half months of age. She was to be reared side-by-side with their son Donald, who was 10 months old at the start of this experiment. The basic question was, is a chimp a chimp because it has chimp genes or because it is raised by other chimpanzees? Cross-fostering separates these two variables. Thus, if baby Gua grew up to be very chimp-like in a human household, then genes win. However, if baby Gua grew up to be more human than chimp, then environment wins. As such, Gua was treated like Donald’s sister and underwent the same bathing, dressing, and feeding processes. They spoke to Gua the same as they did to Donald and played with her in similar ways. The study started out successfully and numerous measures of physical and cognitive development were obtained (Kellogg and Kellogg, 1933). Overall, baby Gua outperformed Donald in terms of gross and fine motor skills. She walked upright earlier and sat unassisted in her highchair earlier. At the same age, Donald had to be strapped into his highchair or risk tumbling out. When applying the same assessment criteria, Gua also learned the meaning of a similar number of words, but she did it 2 months earlier than Donald. Strikingly, Gua acted very much like a human infant in her need for physical contact and emotional reassurance. She required the same parent–infant bond as did Donald, something seemingly overlooked during the planning of this study. The experiment was ended early because the Kelloggs felt Donald was becoming too much like Gua, for example barking upon food presentation. Winthrop Kellogg’s final conclusion was “Gua, treated as a human child, behaved like a human child except when the structure of her body and brain prevented her. This being shown, the experiment was discontinued.” (Babe and Ape, 1933).